Peter Dietsch & Jacqueline Best
The Bank of Canada, like central banks around the world, is currently facing enormous upheaval and uncertainty due to the enduring COVID-19 pandemic.
Will its leadership seize the moment as an opportunity to innovate and respond to the challenges ahead, including rising inequality and climate change? Or will it treat the present crisis as a temporary exception, hoping to return to business as usual once the pandemic recedes?
This spring, the bank released the results of its consultations with Canadians as part of its current mandate review. This is a historic opportunity for our central bank and the federal government to make the bank work better for the Canadian people.
As academics specializing respectively in philosophy and economics, and politics, we’d like to highlight two key themes that emerged in the Bank of Canada’s consultations with Canadians.
Wealth inequality, climate action
First, many Canadians are deeply concerned about the increasingly unequal distribution of wealth in this country — particularly by the way it has been driven by skyrocketing house prices. Second, some Canadians would like to see the Bank of Canada take the threat of climate change seriously as it plays its key role in ensuring price and financial stability.
How could the bank do better in tackling these two core problems — the scourge of rising inequality and the future shocks of climate change?
On inequality, there are many useful models around the world. Although Canadians like to think that we’re more progressive than our neighbour to the south, the United States is actually well ahead in rethinking the role of their central bank. Its recent shift towards what’s known as average inflation targeting, a strategy that seeks to balance inflation and growth over the medium term, gives it more flexibility to promote employment.
Such a strategy, potentially combined with a dual mandate of price stability and employment, would allow the Bank of Canada to pay more attention to the needs of all Canadians. The bank’s consultations with Canadians suggest that there is in fact considerable support for such a move.
While this would be a first and important step in modernizing the central bank’s mandate, we need to go further and take a more careful look at some of the unconventional policy tools that the central bank has been using in the last year.
Quantitative easing
Since the COVID-19 crisis took hold, the Bank of Canada joined other central banks in engaging in what’s called quantitative easing, initiating massive purchases of financial assets. As a result, its balance sheet has increased by close to 500 per cent since March 2020.
Such liquidity injections by central banks are clearly necessary. The question is how this liquidity should be injected.
Suppose your doctor prescribes you a drug that is known to have serious side effects. Wouldn’t you want her to look into alternative treatments? The experience with quantitative easing since 2008 shows that it has two serious side effects, both of which speak to some of the core concerns of Canadians.
First, it exacerbates inequality. While the central bank may want to see a good portion of the injected liquidity used to stimulate real economic activity, this is not something it can control. Instead, a lot of the liquidity has ended up in stock markets and housing markets, benefiting wealthy asset owners and helping to push the cost of owning a house beyond the means of many Canadians.
As Mark Carney, then governor of the Bank of England, acknowledged in 2014, “the distributional consequences of the response to the financial crisis have been significant.” The same is true today.
Second, when quantitative easing includes buying corporate bonds, it facilitates access to capital markets for the firms in question. Central banks appeal to the idea of “market neutrality” and claim that an asset purchase that reflects current bond volumes on capital markets does not favour anyone in particular. But in countries like Canada, when you buy a basket of corporate bonds proportional to the outstanding bonds on the market, you inevitably reinforce the status quo with its many companies that have large carbon footprints. That inevitably slows the transition to a more sustainable economy.
Politics comes with the territory
Some will caution that independent central banks should not get involved with such deeply political issues. The answer to this is simply: It’s too late for that. Political decisions come with the territory of central banking today, and we better develop innovative policy instruments to reflect this reality.
Other central banks are adapting already. In December, the Swiss National Bank announced that its asset purchases will exclude all companies primarily active in coal mining.
Perhaps more significantly, since Christine Lagarde has taken over as president of the European Central Bank, the institution has vowed to take a more active stance on climate change.
Unconventional policies can also be used to alleviate — instead of exacerbating — inequality. One idea is to transfer money to citizens through so-called helicopter money, rather than rely on institutional investors to translate quantitative easing measures into economic stimulus. The policy response to COVID-19 actually provides an interesting blueprint for this.
The overall tone of the Bank of Canada’s consultations report seems to suggest that the bank is more comfortable with the status quo than with serious innovation. Although this may sound very Canadian, our central bank actually has a history of being an innovator in monetary policy. It was among the first central banks to adopt monetarism in 1975, and the second to adopt inflation targeting in 1991 when it was still an untested approach. To confront today’s many challenges, the Bank of Canada needs to rediscover that innovative zeal.
This blog was originally published on The Conversation, May 4, 2021.
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